Exam of Medical

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Treatment for kidney stones

Many kidney stones eventually pass through the urinary tract on their own within 24 to 48 hours, with ample fluid intake. Anti-inflammatory drug, and narcotics may be used for pain control when over-the-counter pain-control medications are not effective. Intravenous pain medications can be given when nausea and vomiting are present. There are no proven home remedies to dissolve kidney stones, home treatment may be considered for patients who have a known history of kidney stones. Since most kidney stones, given time, will pass through the ureter to the bladder on their own, treatment is directed toward control of symptoms. Home care in this case includes the consumption of plenty of fluids. Advil may be used as an anti-inflammatory medication if there is no contraindication to its use. If further pain medication is needed, stronger narcotic pain medications may be recommended. There are several factors which influence the ability to pass a stone. These include the size of the person, prior stone passage, prostate enlargement, pregnancy, and the size of the stone. A 4 mm stone has an 80% chance of passage while a 5 mm stone has a 20% chance. Stones larger than 9 mm-10 mm rarely pass without specific treatment. Some medications have been used to increase the passage rates of kidney stones. These include calcium channel blockers such as Adalat, Procardia, Afeditab, Nifediac and alpha blockers such as tamsulsoin. These drugs may be prescribed to some people who have stones that do not rapidly pass through the urinary tract. For kidney stones that do not pass on their own, a procedure called lithotripsy is often used. In this procedure, shock waves are used to break up a large stone into smaller pieces that can then pass through the urinary system.

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Diagnosed of kidney stones

Diagnosis of kidney stones is suspected by the typical pattern of symptoms when other possible causes of the abdominal or flank pain are excluded. Imaging tests are usually done to confirm the diagnosis. C.T Scan without contrast material is the most common test to detect stones or obstruction within the urinary tract. Formerly, an X-ray of the abdomen along with the administration of contrast dye into the bloodstream) was the test most commonly used to detect urinary tract stones, but this test has a greater risk of complications, takes longer, and involves higher radiation exposure than the non-contrasted helical C.T Scan. Helical CT scans have been shown to be a significantly more effective diagnostic tool than the IVP in the diagnosis of kidney or urinary tract stones.

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Causes of kidney stones

Kidney stones form when there is a decrease in urine volume and or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine. The most common type of kidney stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. Other chemical compounds that can form stones in the urinary tract include uric acid. Obstruction to the flow of urine can also lead to stone formation. In this regard, climate may be a risk factor for kidney stone development, since residents of hot and dry areas are more likely to become dehydrated and susceptible to stone formation. A number of different medical conditions can lead to an increased risk for developing kidney stones:

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Risk of kidney stones

Patient  may develop a kidney stone, but people with certain diseases and conditions or those who are taking certain medications are more susceptible to their development. It is estimated that one out of every 10 people in the U.S. will develop stones in the urinary tract at some point in their lives. Most urinary stones develop in people 20-49 years of age, and those who are prone to multiple attacks of kidney stones usually develop their first stones during the second or third decade of life. In residents of industrialized countries, kidney stones are more common than stones in the bladder. The opposite is true for residents of developing areas of the world, where bladder stones are the most common. This difference is believed to be related to dietary factors. Urinary tract stones are about three times more common in males than in females. The prevalence of kidney stones begins to rise when men reach their 40s, and it continues to climb into their 70s. A Caucasian male has a one in eight chance of developing a kidney stone by age 70. People who have already had more than one kidney stone are prone to developing further stones. A family history of kidney stones is also a risk factor for developing kidney stones. Kidney stones are more common in Asia, America & Afruca. Uric acid kidney stones are more common in people with chronically elevated uric acid levels in their blood.

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Kidney stone

Kidney stone is very hard,  mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Kidney stones are a common cause of hematuria and often severe pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Kidney stones are sometimes called renal calculi. Condition of having kidney stones is termed nephrolithiasis. Having stones at any location in the urinary tract is used to refer to stones located in the ureters.

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Medical University/ Colleges in Pakistan with Address

King Edward Medical University, Nelagumbad, Anarkali, Lahore, Pakistan, 54000 Ph : 9211145-54, Email : kemcol@brain.net.pk,
Website : www.kemc.edu

Allama Iqbal Medical College, Allama Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Road. Lahore - 54550. Pakistan Ph : 92-42) 9231480, 92-42) 9231443
Fax : (92-42) 9231442, Email : peoaimc@yahoo.com,
Website : www.iqbalians.com

Nishtar Medical College, Nishtar Road, 60000 Multan, Punjab, Ph : 92 61 725 147,
Website : www.nmc.edu.pk

Ayub Medical College, Karakoram Highway, Abbottabad-22040, Pakistan. Ph : 92-(992)-381907
Fax : 92-(992)-382321 Email : ayubmed@ayubmed.edu.pk,
Website : www.ayubmed.edu.pk

Aga Khan University Medical College, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. Ph : 92 21 493 0051
Fax : 92 21 493 4294, 493 2095 Email : fhs@aku.edu,
Website : http://www.aku.edu/medicalcollege

 Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, 2-R Sunset Boulevard, Defence Housing Authority 75500, Pakistan. Ph : 9221-5872000-5874070
Fax : 9221-5874074
Website : www.altamash.edu.pk

 Abbottabad International Medical College, Opposite CMH (Family Wing) Mansehra Road Abbottabad, Ph : 92 992 341439,
Fax : 92 992 331716   Army Medical College, Abid Majid Road Rawalpindi Cantt Pakistan 46000 Ph : 92-51-56130457 (3 lines)
Fax : 92-51-5581085 Email : info@amcolians.net Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Gadap Road, Near Toll Plaza, Super Highway P.O Box No 2407, Karachi - 74600, Pakistan. Ph : (092-21)4410-293 to 298, Email : info@baqai.edu.pk,
Website : www.baqai.edu.pk

 CMH Lahore Medical College, Abdur Rehman Road, Lahore Cantt., Pakistan. Ph : 92 42 660 5550-1, 92 42 610 6022 Email : info@cmhlahore.edu.pk
Website : www.cmhlahore.edu.pk

 College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 7th Central Street, Defence Housing Authority, Karachi -75500, Pakistan Ph : 021-9207100 – 10 lines
Fax : 021-9207120 Email : administration@cpsp.edu.pk,
Website : www.cpsp.edu.pk

 Chandka Medical College, Larkan, Sindh, Pakistan Ph : 074-9410715, Email : principal@cmc.edu.pk,
Website : www.cmc.edu.pk

Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-E-Urdu Road P.O.BOX # 942,943 Karachi 74200- Pakistan Ph : (021)9215754-7, Email : info@duhs.edu.pk,
Website : www.duhs.edu.pk

Fatima Jinnah Medical College For Women, 16 College Block Allama Iqbal Town, Lahore Ph : 9203718,
Website : www.fjmc.edu.pk

Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Am-1/B,Blk-D Bhittai Colony, Korangi Creek Karachi-31(74900) Ph : 0333-3751881, 0321-2599571, 5111963-4,
Website : www.fjdc.edu.pk

Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine & Dentistry, Shadman, Lahore Ph : (92-42)-111-555-600 ext 505, 417
Fax : (92-42)-7570586   Frontier Medical College, P.O. Public School, Mansehra Road, Abbottabad - Pakistan Ph : 92-0992-383568/ 383561/ 380190 / 381027
Fax : 0992-381053, Email : info@fmc.edu.pk,
Website : www.fmc.edu.pk

Foundation University Medical College, Defence Mall, Jinnah Avenue,DHA Phase - I. Rawalpindi, Pakistan Ph : 92-51-5788171, 5788250
Fax : 92-51-5788582 Email : fumc@fui.edu.pk,
Website : www.fui.edu.pk

 Gandhara University, Kabir Medical College/GIMS, 57-Gulmohar Lane, University Town, Peshwar, Pakistan Pabx : 92-91-844429-32,
Fax : 92-91-844428, Email : gandhara@brain.net.pk,
Website : http://www.gandhara.edu.pk

Sardar Begum Dental College, 46-E, Jamal Uddin Afghani Road, University Town, Peshwar Pakistan Ph : 92-91-844429-32,
Fax : 92-91-844428, Email : gandhara@brain.net.pk, Hamdard University, Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry (HCMD), Sharae Madinat Al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi, 74600 Ph : (9221) 6440035-42,
Fax : (9221) 6440045,
Website : www.hamdard.edu.pk/hcmd.html

 Isra University, Margalla Institute of Health Sciences Margallah Medical College, Quaid-e-Azam Avenue, Gulraiz Phase III, Near High Court Building, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Ph. : 92-51-5509817, 5509518,
Fax : 92-51-5509810, Email : Margalla@isb.comsats.net.pk,
Website : www.margalla.com

Jinnah Medical and Dental College, 22-23 Shaheed-e-Millat Road Karachi, Pakistan Ph : (92-21) 4938031 - 2,Fax : (92-21) 4938035, Email : studentaffair@jmc.edu.pk,
Website : www.jmc.edu.pk

Karachi Medical & Dental College, New Campus, Permanent site, Block-M, North Nazimabad Ph : 6628373/8353,
Fax : 6628353,
Website : www.kmdc.edu.pk

Liaquat College of Medicine &Dentistry, St - 19, Block - 15, Gulistan-e-Jauhar, Karachi Ph : 92-21-461-0271,
Fax : 92-21-461-0276, Email : lcmd@cyber.net.pk,
Website : www.lcmd.edu.pk

Lahore Medical & Dental College, Canal Bank North Tulspura, Lahore 53400 Ph : 92 42 6582201-6
Fax : 92 42 6582208,
Website : www.lmdc.edu.pk

 Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh-Pakistan Ph : 92-22-2772-230,
Fax : 92-22-2772-827,
Website : www.lumhs.edu.pk

 Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road Peshawar NWFP Pakistan 25160 Ph : 92(091)5200982, 92(091)5200983
Fax : 92(091)5200980 Email : pmc@prime.edu.pk,
Website : www.prime.edu.pk

Punjab Medical College Sardogha Road, Faisalabad Ph :0092-41-9210080,
Fax : 0092-41-9210081, Email : pmcupdate@yahoo.com, Webiste : www.pmc.edu.pk

Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Circular Road, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Ph : 884289,

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